Nivar

Nivar

Seasonal sea water temperature changes of the Persian Gulf

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Department of Nonliving Resources of Atmosphere and Ocean, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2 Department of Atmospheric and Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
3 Department of Physical Oceanography, National Research Institute of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
10.30467/nivar.2026.541408.1360
Abstract
Temporal-spatial temperature patterns are one of the most important quantities in describing the physical structure of the sea. In this study, using data from the World Ocean Atlas (abbreviated as WOA2018) at every 10 m, the seasonal and depth patterns of temperature in the Persian Gulf have been investigated in three layers with a depth of zero (surface layer: SST_PG), 30 m (middle layer: SMT_PG), and 60 m (deep layer: SDT_PG) using ODV software. The results indicate that, in general, from the surface to a depth of 50 m, the minimum temperature occurs in winter, and from a depth of 60 m and below, the minimum temperature occurs in spring. From the surface to a depth of 30 m, the maximum temperature occurs in summer, and from a depth of 40 to 80 m, the maximum temperature occurs in autumn. At a depth of 90 m, the maximum temperature occurs in winter. On the other hand, the surface temperature (SST) decreases in all seasons from east to west in the Persian Gulf. SST reaches a maximum of 34.32°C in summer and its minimum is related to winter (16.46°C). The maximum SST occurs in the southeast near Qatar and the United Arab Emirates and in the northwest (near Bandar Emam), due to the shallow depth and little exchange with the water of the Strait of Hormuz, in the form of warm and stagnant water. With increasing depth, while the temperature decreases, the range of temperature changes also decreases; but there is an exception; the minimum temperature in the winter season experiences an increase in temperature with increasing depth; the reason for this is that the surface waters are colder during the cold winter season. In other words, in autumn and winter, the temperature inversion is visible, meaning that the temperature at the surface is colder than the middle layer and the deep layer. At a depth of 60 m, in all seasons, the maximum temperature is observed at the beginning of the Persian Gulf, on the side of the Strait of Hormuz, which is related to the mass of warm water exiting the Persian Gulf called PGW. The maximum PGW temperature was observed in the autumn season with a temperature of 25.041 °C; also, in the vicinity of the Strait of Hormuz, a strong temperature gradient is also observed at a depth of 60 m, especially in the summer and autumn seasons when the PGW temperature is higher. Given that the formation of PGW depends on the degree of cooling and the temperature of the surface layer, the winter season can accelerate the formation of PGW.
Keywords
Subjects

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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 01 February 2026

  • Receive Date 17 November 2025
  • Revise Date 05 January 2026
  • Accept Date 31 January 2026
  • Publish Date 01 February 2026