نیوار

نیوار

تغییرات فصلی خواص فیزیکی در طول آب‌های ایرانی خلیج فارس

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 گروه علوم غیرزیستی جوی و اقیانوسی، دانشکده علوم و فنون دریایی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران
2 گروه علوم غیر زیستی جوی و اقیانوسی، دانشکده علوم و فنون دریایی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران
3 پژوهشگاه ملی اقیانوس‌شناسی و علوم جوی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
حوضه آبی خلیج‌فارس به عنوان حوضه‌ای نیم بسته با تبادل آب اندک است و یکی از شورترین آب‌های جهان در این حوضه شکل می‌گیرد. در این مطالعه دما، شوری و چگالی مربوط به مقطع طول خلیج‌فارس در آب‌های ایرانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. به این منظور، جمعا ۳۹ ایستگاه از داده‌های میدانی اندازه‌گیری شده‌ی‌ CTD کاوشگر خلیج‌فارس در بهار 1398 (14 ایستگاه، می ۲۰١۹)، تابستان 1400 (12 ایستگاه، سپتامبر ۲۰۲١) و زمستان 1400 (13 ایستگاه، ژانویه۲۰۲۲) در سه مقطع طولی مشابه به منظور تحلیل دما، شوری و چگالی استفاده شد. به‌منظور تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار اقیانوسی (Ocean Data View)ODV استفاده شد. نتایج میانگین دما نشان می‌دهد که تابستان (C° ۶۴/۲۹) گرمتر و زمستان (C° ۷۳/۲۲) و بهار (C° ۶۲/۲۲) سردتر می‌باشد. میانگین چگالی پتانسیل نیز نشان می‌دهد که فصل بهار (kgm-3۶۷/۲۷) و زمستان (kgm-3۵۸/۲۷) چگال‌تر از فصل تابستان (kgm-3۳۹/۲۵) به دلیل افزایش دمای موجود در فصل تابستان است. میانگین شوری در فصل سرد (زمستان، psu۷١/۳۹) و گرم (تابستان، psu۸١/۳۹) حدود psu١٠/٠ اختلاف فصلی دارد. بیشینه شوری به ترتیب مربوط به تابستان، بهار و زمستان (psu۳۸/۴۲، psu٨٤/٤١، psu٦١/٤١) است و کمینه شوری (psu۴۳/۲١) در بهار اتفاق می‌افتد. این میزان اختلاف بین بیشینه و کمینه (بیش از psu٢٠) برای شوری بسیار زیاد است و حکایت از تغییرات توده آب در آب‌های ایرانی خلیج‌فارس دارد. سه توده آب به خوبی در نمودارهای مقطع عرضی و نمودارهای دما-شوری در منطقه مشاهده شد. این توده‌های آب شامل توده آب خلیج‌فارس (PGW) در بخش عمقی، توده آب سطحی اقیانوس هند (IOSW) در بخش سطحی آب‌های ایرانی خلیج‌فارس و توده آب اروند (AW) رود تنها در شمال غربی خلیج‌فارس آن هم در فصل بهار بودند. در بهار AW، تغییرات شوری زیادی دارد و در زمستان به عنوان آب بسیار شور است. IOSW و PGW در هر سه فصل وجود دارد. با این تفاوت که PGW در زمستان آب گرمتری نسبت به IOSW می‌باشد. به علاوه، شوری بسیار زیادی در گودال خلیج فارس تشخیص داده شد که در توافق با سایر مطالعات مربوط به گودال خلیج فارس بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Seasonal changes of physical properties along the length of Iranian Persian Gulf Waters

نویسندگان English

Yasaman Payandehi 1
Maryam Soyuf Jahromi 2
Samad Hamzei 3
1 Master Science candidate of physical oceanography, Department of Nonliving Resources of Atmosphere and Ocean, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2 Department of Nonliving Resources of Atmosphere and Ocean, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of physical oceanography, Department of Physical Oceanography, National Research Institute of Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

The Persian Gulf water basin is a semi-enclosed basin with little water exchange, and one of the saltiest water in the world is formed in this basin. In this study, temperature, salinity, and density along the length of the Persian Gulf in Iranian waters were investigated. For this purpose, a total of 39 stations from the measured field data of the Persian Gulf by CTD instruments in spring 2019 (14 stations, May 2019), summer 2021 (12 stations, September 2021), and winter 2022 (13 stations, January 2022) in three similar longitudinal sections were used to analyze temperature, salinity, and density. Ocean Data View (ODV) software was used to analyze the data. The average temperature results show that summer (29.64 °C) is warmer and winter (22.73 °C) and spring (22.62 °C) are colder. The average potential density also shows that spring (27.67 kg m-3) and winter (27.58 kg m-3) are denser than summer (25.39 kg m-3) due to the increased temperature in summer. The average salinity in the cold season (winter, 39.71 psu) and warm season (summer, 39.81 psu) has a seasonal difference of about 0.10 psu. The maximum salinity is related to summer, spring, and winter (42.38 psu, 41.84 psu, 41.61 psu), respectively, and the minimum salinity (21.43 psu) occurs in spring. This difference between the maximum and minimum (more than 20 psu) is very large for salinity and indicates changes in the water mass in the Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf. Three water masses were well observed in cross-sectional diagrams and temperature-salinity diagrams in the region. These water masses included the Persian Gulf Water (PGW) in the deep part, the Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW) in the surface part of the Iranian waters of the Persian Gulf, and the Arvand River Water (AW) only in the northwest of the Persian Gulf, in the spring. In the spring, AW has large salinity variations and in the winter it is a very saline water. IOSW and PGW exist in all three seasons, with the difference that PGW is warmer water than IOSW in winter. In addition, very high salinity was detected in the Persian Gulf Trench, which was in agreement with other studies related to the Persian Gulf Trench.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Persian Gulf
water mass
temperature
salinity
Persian Gulf Explorer
1.       Aboobacker, V., Shanas, P., Al-Ansari, E. M., Sanil Kumar, V., & Vethamony, P. (2021). The maxima in northerly wind speeds and wave heights over the Arabian Sea, the Arabian/Persian Gulf and the Red Sea derived from 40 years of ERA5 data. Climate Dynamics, 56(3), 1037–1052.
2.       Alessi, C. A., Hunt, H. D., & Bower, A. S. (1999). Hydrographic data from the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office: Persian Gulf, Southern Red Sea and Arabian Sea 1923–1996 (WHOI-99-02). Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
3.       Azizpour, J., Chegini, V., Khosravi, M., & Einali, A. (2014). Study of the physical oceanographic properties of the Persian Gulf, strait of hormuz and gulf of Oman based on PG-GOOS CTD measurements. The Journal of Persian Gulf, 5(18), 37–48.
4.       Behzadi, M., Ghaderi, D., & Soyuf Jahromi, M. (2024). Seasonal variability of physical properties in the Makran aquatic basin. Nivar Scientific Journal, 48(126), 18–34. (In Persian)
5.       Bower, A. S., Hunt, H. D., & Price, J. F. (2000). Character and dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf outflows. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105(C3), 6387–6414.
6.       Brewer, P. G., & Dyrssen, D. (1985). Chemical oceanography of the Persian Gulf. Progress in Oceanography, 14, 41–55.
7.       Chao, S. Y., Kao, T. W., & Al-Hajri, K. R. (1992). A numerical investigation of circulation in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 97(C7), 11219–11236.
8.       Coatanoan, C. (2020). SeaDataCloud Temperature and Salinity Historical Data Collection for the North Atlantic Ocean (Version 2).
9.       Dorgham, M., & Moftah, A. (1989). Environmental conditions and phytoplankton distribution in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, September 1986. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 31(1), 36–53.
10.   Dueing, W., & Koske, P. H. (1967). Hydrographic observation in the Arabian Sea during the NE monsoon period 1964–1965. Meteor Forschungsergeb., Reihe A, 8, 1–43.
11.   Einali, A., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Akbari Nasab, M. (2017). Extraction of surface salinity of Arvand River mouth using satellite images and statistical methods. Hydrophysics Scientific Quarterly, 3(2), 29–40. (In Persian)
12.   Emery, K. O. (1956). Sediments and water of Persian Gulf. AAPG Bulletin, 40(10), 2354–2383.
13.   Emery, W., & Meincke, J. (1986). Global water masses—summary and review. Oceanologica Acta, 9(4), 383–391.
14.   Emery, W. J. (2001). Water types and water masses. In Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 3179–3187).
15.   Farokhimoghaddam, S., Aliakbari Bidesht, A., Ahmadi Givay, F., & Azam, M. (2021). Study of the variability of physical parameters (temperature and salinity) of the Persian Gulf waters resulting from climate change using a numerical model and some measurement data. Journal of Earth Science, 31(119), 63–70. (In Persian)
16.   Forsch, K. O., Hahn-Woernle, L., Sherrell, R. M., Roccanova, V. J., Bu, K., Burdige, D., Vernet, M., & Barbeau, K. A. (2021). Seasonal dispersal of fjord meltwaters as an important source of iron and manganese to coastal Antarctic phytoplankton. Biogeosciences, 18(23), 6349–6375.
17.   Gourain, A., Planquette, H., Cheize, M., Lemaitre, N., Menzel Barraqueta, J. L., Shelley, R., Lherminier, P., & Sarthou, G. (2019). Inputs and processes affecting the distribution of particulate iron in the North Atlantic along the GEOVIDE (GEOTRACES GA01) section. Biogeosciences, 16(7), 1563–1582.
18.   Hosseini, S. T., & Chegini, V. (2014). Study of seasonal changes in physicochemical parameters of seawater in the coastal area of Bushehr Peninsula. Journal of Oceanography Research, 5(17), 125–143. (In Persian)
19.   Johns, W., & Olson, D. (1998). Observations of seasonal exchange through the Strait of Hormuz. Oceanography, 11(2), 58.
20.   Johns, W., Yao, F., Olson, D., Josey, S., Grist, J., & Smeed, D. (2003). Observations of seasonal exchange through the Straits of Hormuz and the inferred heat and freshwater budgets of the Persian Gulf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C12).
21.   Kako, S., Nakagawa, T., Takayama, K., Hirose, N., & Isobe, A. (2016). Impact of Changjiang River Discharge on Sea Surface Temperature in the East China Sea. American Meteorological Society, 46(6), 1735–1750.
22.   Kämpf, J., & Sadrinasab, M. (2005). The circulation of the Persian Gulf: a numerical study. Ocean Science Discussions, 2(3), 129–164.
23.   Lashkari, S. (2022). Tracing the Persian Gulf water mass in the Gulf of Oman using measured WOA data with ODV software [Master’s Thesis, University of Hormozgan]. (In Persian)
24.   Lashkari, S., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Hamzei, S. (2023). Seasonal variations of the Persian Gulf water mass in the Gulf of Oman. Oceanography Research Journal, 14(53), 103–122. (In Persian)
25.   Mahpeykar, A., Khalil Abadi, M. R., & Kenarkouhi, K. (2021). Investigating the effect of the Arvand Rud (Shatt al-Arab) on the salinity of the Persian Gulf using numerical modeling. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 20(3), 50–65. (In Persian)
26.   Mohammadpour, F. (2022a). Seasonal variations in water column stability in the Strait of Hormuz area using ODV software [Master’s Thesis, University of Hormozgan, supervised by M. Soyuf Jahromi & S. Hamzei]. (In Persian)
27.   Mohammadpour, F., Hamzei, S., & Soyuf Jahromi, M. (2022b). Wintertime study of stability and double diffusion convection in the eastern Strait of Hormuz. Hydrophysics Scientific Quarterly, 8(2), 90–100. (In Persian)
28.   Mohammadpour, F., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Hamzei, S. (2024a). Physical characteristics of the deep basin south of Greater Tunb Island. Iranian Journal of Geophysics, Accepted. (In Persian)
29.   Mohammadpour, F., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Hamzei, S. (2024b). Difference in water column stability and sound speed from north to south of the Persian Gulf in winter. Nivar Scientific Journal, Accepted. (In Persian)
30.   Payandehay, Y., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Hamzei, S. (2023). Temperature, salinity, and density variations in the northern Persian Gulf waters in spring based on the Persian Gulf Explorer findings (2019). Hydrophysics Scientific Quarterly, 9(1), 90–100. (In Persian)
31.   Piontkovski, S. A., & Chiffings, T. (2014). Long-term changes of temperature in the Sea of Oman and the western Arabian Sea. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography, 8(1), 53–72.
32.   Pous, S., Carton, X., & Lazure, P. (2004a). Hydrology and circulation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman—Results from the GOGP99 Experiment: 1. Strait of Hormuz. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C12).
33.   Ramak, H., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Akbari, P. (2021a). Utilizing Sea of Oman Sea Surface Temperature data to identify subsurface waters of the Persian Gulf. Hydrophysics Scientific Quarterly, 7(2), 79–93.
34.   Ramak, H., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Akbari, P. (2021b). Tracking the Persian Gulf water mass using surface temperature and salinity characteristics. Oceanography Research Journal, 12(48), 13–28. (In Persian)
35.   Ramak, H., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Akbari, P. (2022). Investigation of salinity and temperature of Persian Gulf water by FVCOM Model. Journal of Oceanography, 13(52), 106–120. (In Persian)
36.   Ramak, H., Soyuf Jahromi, M., & Akbari, P. (2023). Investigation of salinity and temperature of Persian Gulf water by FVCOM Model. Journal of Oceanography, 13(52), 106–120. (Note: Duplicate entry for clarity based on original citation number 37, assuming it corresponds to 1401). (In Persian)
37.   Reynolds, R. M. (1993). Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman—Results from the Mt Mitchell expedition. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 27, 35–59.
38.   Rochford, D. (1964). Salinity maxima in the upper 1000 meters of the North Indian Ocean. Marine and Freshwater Research, 15(1), 1–24.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
39.   Sadri Nasab, M. (2010). Three-dimensional numerical modeling of water circulation in the Strait of Hormuz [Master’s Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch]. (Original reference #7, translated title). (In Persian)
40.   Seo, H., Xie, S. P., Murtugudde, R., Jochum, M., & Miller, A. J. (2009). Seasonal Effects of Indian Ocean freshwater forcing in a regional coupled model. Journal of Climate, 22(24), 6577–6596.
41.   Shafie Sarvestani, R., & Sadrinasab, M. (2006). Numerical Simulation of Plume over the Arvand River. 7th International Conference on Coasts, Ports and Marine Structures (ICOPMAS), Tehran. (In Persian)
42.   Sheppard, C., Al-Husiani, M., Al-Jamali, F., Al-Yamani, F., Baldwin, R., Bishop, J., Benzoni, F., Dutrieux, E., Dulvy, N. K., & Durvasula, S. R. V. (2010). The Gulf: a young sea in decline. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(1), 13–38.
43.   Sugden, W. (1963). The hydrology of the Persian Gulf and its significance in respect to evaporite deposition. American Journal of Science, 261(8), 741–755.
44.   Swift, S. A., & Bower, A. S. (2003). Formation and circulation of dense water in the Persian/Arabian Gulf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C1), 4-1–4-15.

  • تاریخ دریافت 08 دی 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 14 بهمن 1403
  • تاریخ انتشار 01 مهر 1404